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C
The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is awarded for a novel written by a writer from the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland and it aims to represent the very best in contemporary fiction. The prize was originally called the Booker-McConnell Prize, which was the name of the company that sponsored it, though it was better-known as simply the ‘Booker Prize’. In 2002, the Man Group became the sponsor and they chose the new name, keeping ‘Booker’.
Publishers can submit books for consideration for the prize, but the judges can also ask for books to be submitted that they think should be included. Firstly, the Advisory Committee gives advice if there have been any changes to the rules for the prize and selects the people who will judge the books. The judging panel changes every year and usually a person is only a judge once.
Great efforts are made to ensure that the judging panel is balanced in terms of gender(性别) and professions within the industry, so that a writer, a critic, an editor and an academic are chosen along with a well-known person from wider society. However, when the panel of judges has been decided, they are left to make their own decisions. Meanwhile, the prize sponsor has no further right to take part in any more.
The Man Booker judges include critics, writers and academics to maintain the consistent quality of the prize and its influence is such that the winner will almost certainly see the sales increase considerably, in addition to the￡50,000 that comes with the prize.
29. Who can submit books to the prize?
A. Judges. B. Writers. C. Readers. D. Sponsors.
30. Why is the prize named the Man Booker Prize?
A. Because the prize is given to writers from the Commonwealth.
B. Because the prize was known as simply the ‘Booker Prize’.
C. Because the prize is sponsored by the Man Group and they kept the name.
D. Because the prize is aimed to award the very best contemporary fiction.
31. Which task can be done by the Advisory Committee?
A. Changing the rules for the prize on their own.
B. Selecting the judging committee.
C. Making decisions on who is the winner.
D. Submitting books for consideration for the prize.
32. The consistent quality of the prizes is guaranteed by _ .
A. the prize money. B. the gender of the judges.
C. the make-up of the panel of judges. D. the increase in sales of the winner.
D
Back in the 1860s, a British scientist named Henry Walter Bates noticed something interesting in the animal world: a kind of butterfly, Common Mormon, can change the pattern on its wings so that it looks like another butterfly species, the Common Rose, which is poisonous for birds to eat.
Bates argued that animals develop this ability to protect themselves from being eaten. This theory had been widely accepted by scientists. But one question remains: how do these animals manage to do that?
After more than 150 years, scientists are finally able to answer that question-it is all down to a gene (基因) called “doublesex", according to a study published on March 6 in the journal Nature.
In fact, scientists have long known that genes are responsible for this useful ability. But until the new study, scientists hadn't been able to find out which genes in particular were responsible.
Scientists at the University of Chicago compared the genetic structures of the Common Mormons that changed their wing patterns with those of ones that did not. And all the results pointed to a single gene, “doublesex”.
This was much to the scientists' surprise. They used to expect that something as complex as this would be controlled by many different genes. For example, one gene would control the color of the upper part of the wing, one would do so for the lower part.
However, the “doublesex” gene doesn't quite do everything by itself. Instead, it acts like a switch-it “tells” other genes to change the wing patterns. Isn't that clever?
Scientists believe that this special ability of the “doublesex” gene on Common Mormon was developed throughout the long history of evolution. “The harmless species gains an advantage by resembling something predators (捕食者) avoid,” Sean Carroll, a scientist told Nature. “it was obvious evidence for natural selection. ”
33. How do scientists find the truth of butterfly changing wing patterns?
A. By doing experiment on butterflies. B. By comparing genetic structures.
C. By observing the butterflies. D. By analyzing the result.
34. Which of the following ideas is accepted by scientists?
A. The‘ doublesex’ gene does do everything by itself.
B. The ‘doublesex’ gene is poisonous.
C. The ‘doublesex’ gene ‘tells’ other genes to change the wing patterns.
D. The ‘doublesex’ gene could only control the color of the upper part of the wing.
35. What is the best title of this passage?
A. How Common Mormons stay safe
B. How butterflies changed wings' pattern
C. What American scientists discovered
